๐ซ๐๐๐ : 27๐๐ ๐ฑ๐๐๐ 2023 ๐ซ๐๐ : ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐
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๐๐ฃ๐๐ค๐ง๐ข๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐ค๐ก๐ค๐๐ฎ
๐ ๐ต๐พ๐๐ ๐ฒ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฟ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐พ๐ ๐ค๐๐๐๐ผ๐
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■ Computer is a universal tool because it is logically malleable.
Can be shaped and molded to perform nearly any task.
■ Term: Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
■ ICT now affects (in both good and bad ways) community life, family life, human relationships, education, freedom, democracy, and so on.
■Let's talk about this - make a list of good and bad for each of the above categories.
◆ Computer ethics is growing and changing as computers are growing and changing
Narrow view:
apply traditional ethical to issues regarding the use of computer technology.
Very Broad view: Also include: standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, aspects of computer law, public policy, corporate ethics.
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๐ฉ๐๐๐๐ :-
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| by Terrell Ward Bynum |
Terrell Ward Bynum (born 1941) is an American philosopher, writer and editor. Bynum is currently director of the Research Center on Computing and Society at Southern Connecticut State University, where he is also a professor of philosophy, and visiting professor in the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility in De Montfort University, Leicester, England. He is best known as a pioneer and historian in the field of computer and information ethics; for his achievements in that field, he was awarded the Barwise Prize of the American Philosophical Association, the Weizenbaum Award of the International Society for Ethics and Information Technology, and the 2011 Covey Award of the International Association for Computing and Philosophy.
In addition, Bynum was the founder and longtime editor-in-chief of the philosophy journal Metaphilosophy (1968 to 1993); a key founding figure (1974–1980) and the first executive director (1980–1982) of the American Association of Philosophy Teachers; biographer of the philosopher/ mathematician Gottlob Frege, as well as a translator of Frege's early works in logic. Bynum's most recent research and publications concern the ultimate nature of the universe and the impact of the information revolution upon philosophy.
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☞︎︎︎ New Twist to Old Ethical Issues:
"ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology" Maner
"pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms " Johnson
Computer ethics is a study of relationships among facts, conceptualizations, policies, and values with regard to constantly changing computer. technology. Invisibility factor of computer operations creates a policy vacuum. E.g., online financial transactions.
✰ ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐ :-
☞︎︎︎ ๐พ๐ค๐ข๐ฅ๐ช๐ฉ๐๐ง ๐๐ฉ๐๐๐๐จ :
→ Computers in the Workplace
→ Computer Crime
→ Privacy and Anonymity
☞︎︎︎ ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ก๐๐๐ฉ๐ช๐๐ก ๐๐ง๐ค๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ฉ๐ฎ :
→ Professional Responsibility
☞︎︎︎ ๐๐ก๐ค๐๐๐ก๐๐ฏ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ :
→ The Metaethics of Computer Ethics
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◆ MIT professor Norbert Wiener WWII (early 1940s)
"second industrial revolution"
the integration of computer technology into society will eventually constitute the remaking of society
Computer ethics first rose to prominence during the Second World War, when MIT professor Norbert Wiener predicted significant social and ethical consequences to the cybernetics technology he was helping to develop.
✰ ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐ :
➪ Intellectual Property Rights
➪ Privacy Concerns
➪ Computers affect Society
➪ Computer Crimes Security
➪ Computing for Scientists
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✰ ๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ / ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐ :
Professor Norbert Wiener introduced computer ethics in early 1940s while helping to develop anti-aircraft canon. One of the parts help to track the aircraft and another part would find the trajectory to fire the shells. It instigated Wiener and his colleagues to initiate new branch of science. Wiener called it as ‘cybernetics’ that means the science of information feedback system. This concept led Wiener to think about ethical matters of the digital world. He estimated some revolutionary social and ethical consequences of the digital world. He published a book named Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine in 1948. He mentioned that humans were able to make any kind of artificial machine.
The reflection would have seen in Nagasaki long before. Humans also developed another social potentiality unheard of good or evil. In 1950, Wiener published a book, The Human Use of Human Being, which established the foundation of computer ethics. He hadn’t mentioned the word ‘ethics’ but it helped a lot to establish the system of computer ethics in computer technology. He clearly stated that the use of computer technology in the society would help to reconstruct the society in a different manner. He called that as ‘second industrial revolution’ which would affect every aspects of human life.
Computer revolution is a multi-faceted ongoing process which would change everything. It had created diversity of tasks and challenges to workers, governments, professional organizations, sociologists, psychologists and philosophers.
Ethics stood as an important area of information and technology. Unfortunately, it remained undeveloped and unexplored till 1960s. Computer related social and ethical consequences had already become popular/ affective till that time. Such programs had begun rapidly from that time. In 1973, Donn Parker wrote books and articles related to computer crime and code of ethics to the members of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). He was attracted by bank-robberies and other computer related crimes so he was interested to analyze it. Later on, ACM was revised in 1980s and early 1990s to make it contextual.
In 1976, Walter Manner had taken it as an important factor while teaching medical ethics to his students. It raised new ethical manners when there was the use of computer in medical field. It also convinced him the need of ‘computer ethics’, the word which he dubbed first in computer field. Likewise he defined computer ethics as a guideline for dealing the subject. He published it in A Starter Kit for Teaching Computer Ethics.
It started to develop fully after 1985. University courses, research centers, conferences, articles and textbooks had also been published. Many scholars had also taken it as a distinct field of science. It had fully been developed in Europe and Australia. Research centers had also been established in different countries of Europe. An international conference like ETHICOMP had also been organized to make it more effective and public.
It has been expanded in the last two decades which will have vigorous and significant future. Two scholars, Krystyna Gorniak-Kocikowska and Deborah Johnson have presented two contradicting logics regarding computer ethics. Johnson argued that it would disappear in common or applied ethics which the writer didn’t believe on.
In the 21st century, the thinkers have presented two different views of computer ethics. Wiener-Maner-Gorniak regards computer ethics as revolutionary. Humans should redefine their old ethics to meet the demand of new ethics. On the other hand, Johnson argued that computer ethics is only the new twist of old ethics. She argued that computer ethics will ultimately disappear in applied ethics of traditional norms at last.
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Computer ethics and privacy need to be taken care of by not just the professional but the entire human race. Computer-generated information is essential to almost everyone. Therefore it is the responsibility of everybody to ensure that collective responsibility is enhanced. Rules and regulations predetermined should be adhered to.
From this article we learn that although computers and the Internet have provided us with a vast resource of information and technological potentials, they have also brought up concerns about ethics and cases of obscenity. Presently we have very few rules and regulations which can govern an individual's ethical behaviors or obscenity on the internet. After reading this article one will come to know about the issues of obscenity and computer ethics facing our world today. I hope that the readers understand how important computer ethics are for our world today.
Parents need to be especially alert so that their children can be kept away from obscene matter on the internet and thus they need to realize what a huge issue obscenity on the computer can be. Through this article I want the readers to understand what computer ethics means and the ill effects of obscenity both on the computer and on the internet. They need to understand and realize these issues so that they can protect their families from any related issues and keep their children safe from online obscenities. After writing this article I have realized how harmful obscenity on the internet can be and why we need to have computer ethics.
✰ ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ :
➪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Ward_Bynum?wprov=sfla1
➪ http://bheerkot.blogspot.com/2018/03/a-very-shorthistory-of-computer-ethics.html?m=1
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