𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐟 - 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

                                                                                                      𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚎 : 31𝚜𝚝 𝙹𝚞𝚕𝚢 2023

                                                                                                    𝙳𝚊𝚢 : 𝙼𝚘𝚗𝚍𝚊𝚢

                                    𝕊𝕖𝕝𝕗 - ℝ𝕖𝕘𝕦𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟 ℂ𝕠𝕠𝕣𝕕𝕚𝕟𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟

Game: Flying Pen

Objectives: self-regulation and Coordination

Topic: Inherent Sadism

Conscience 

Savagery 

Human nobility in the face of adversity

 "The Innocent Child"

 

                Today we were given two activities in class. We had a lot of fun. First of all I would like to thank Vipul sir from the bottom of my heart without him all this would not have been possible, thank you sir.

                     The name of the first activity was self regulation and coordination. We had a lot of fun. If it is fun, then why write with a string tied to the pen like this? But it is understood that by tying a pen to a string and pulling it on one side and the other side, a word was made. First wrote flies, second lord and third regulation. At first it was not written the same but then it felt the same.

            In this one activity, me and Bhadresh had a bit of a head-butt, but I'm sorry, Bhadresh, I shouldn't have done that.

             Today has become a very memorable day. Because of that abundant sir. Because if he thinks, no such activity should be done.

              In this one activity, me and Bhadresh had a bit of a head-butt, but I'm sorry, Bhadresh, I shouldn't have done that.

                                                                  𝓣𝓱𝓪𝓷𝓴 𝓨𝓸𝓾 𝓢𝓲𝓻 🙏

𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

                                          𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐞 :- 28𝐭𝐡 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 2023

                                          𝐃𝐚𝐲 :- 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐲

        ℙ𝕒𝕣𝕖𝕟𝕥𝕤 𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐒 ℂ𝕠𝕞𝕡𝕖𝕥𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟

          

                  Today we had a duty. A chess game competition was organized in the school. Two teams were formed in it. One team was assigned to teach classes IV and V. He had done his job well.

                      While the other team knew how to play the game of chess. A competition was held between the parents of the students in that school. While some of them didn't even know the rules of chess, they learned the rules and at the same time learned how to play it as a game.

            But we liked the duty that was assigned to us. Because we got to learn something new when we went out.

            While everyone was assigned different duties, some were assigned different tasks of teaching, signing, paying attention, showing the way.

             After that we were served breakfast after the whole competition was over. But having fun with Sir Madam there while having breakfast, time was short. I thought it would be 12:30 but by 11:00 the chess game was over and we had a group photo shoot.

             So we are doing many different activities but also studying at the same time. Thank you so much vipul sir 😊

                          Thank you 🙏

               riddhikevadiya21@gmail.com

     

   

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑮𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆

                                                                                              Date:- 26th July 2023

                                                                                            Day:- Wednesday 

                                                 𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒓

                                         𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘎𝘰𝘭𝘥 𝘍𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘦

                                                              𝓑𝔂  𝚁.𝙺.𝙻𝙰𝚇𝙼𝙰𝙽

✰𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 :-

            This story, like most of R.K. Laxman's earlier works, deals with the topics of false prestige and society in a frank and humorous manner. The author tells the story of Datta, a framer who splatters paint over a photograph of an elderly and respected gentleman that a customer requested framed.After destroying the client’s photograph, Datta fabricates a scheme in which he would deceive the customer by using another photograph. Datta is not only deceitful, but also dishonest in not taking full responsibility for his acts. The surprising and detailed portrayal of seemingly average people contributes to the story’s hilarity.

             The Modern Frame Works was a big wooden packing case sandwiched between two other stores. The plot revolves around Datta, the owner of the Modern Frame Works. He was a slender man with silver-rimmed glasses and a complexion like seasoned wood. He was a quiet, diligent individual. He kept to himself and avoided casual friends and meaningless conversation.

✰ 𝑨𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒖𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒓  Bʏ R.K.Lᴀxᴍᴀɴ :-

      The legendary cartoonist R.K. Laxman (1921-2015) started off as a political cartoonist for the Free Press Journal before joining The Times of India, with which he was associated for over fifty years. His cartoon strip'You Said It, which features his best known creation The Common Man', has attained cult status. His elder brother, R.K. Narayan, was a famous Indian English novelist. 

                Laxman was also a writer of repute with short stories, travelogues and a novel to his credit. He received a number of awards for his work-the B.D. Goenka Award by the Indian Express; the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts; the Padma Bhushan; and the Padma Vibhusan.         

                  This story, like most other works by Laxman, treats the themes of false Prestige and society with simplicity and humour. The author describes the plight of a frame-maker, Datta, who splashes paint on the picture of an old and respected gentleman that a customer wished to have framed. The vivid description of the otherwise ordinary characters and the unexpected adds to the humour of the story. 

               Modern Frame Works was actually an extra-large wooden packing case mounted on wobbly legs tucked in a gap he a drug store and a radio repair shop. Its owner, Datta his concave figure, silver-rimmed glasses and a complex of seasoned timber, fitted into his shop with the harmony of fixture.

✰ 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 :- 

                 1. 𝙳𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚊 

                 2. 𝙲𝚞𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚖𝚎𝚛

   1. 𝔻𝕒𝕥𝕥𝕒 : 

                The Character of Datta plays a vital role here to describe the story. He is the owner of ‘The Modern Frame’ shop. He gives the essence of how human mind is working with sentimental process. It is true that this story also gives the realistic flavor of irony & satire to the sense of observing and thinking. As it is said that every day is deferent, every day’s thinking is deferent and every lock’s key deferent so like that, here we put the character of Datta and another one is the customer. He used to put pictures into frames. One day a customer comes to Datta’s shop with a faded picture of an elderly person. The man in the picture has whiskers and a huge turban. 

            Datta decides to begin work at once. But then a terrible thing happens. A tin of enamel paint accidentally spills over the photo. Datta tries to rub the paint on the photo with a cloth but unfortunately half the face and the entire turban get erased. Datta is panic-stricken. He does not know what to do as the photograph is completely spoilt. As he looks around in dismay, an idea takes shape in Datta’s mind. That shows how his ideology is working here with dilemma in his mind but however he uses to manage it and later on he made frame with another similar face photo but still worriedness is visible from him. 

2.ℂ𝕦𝕤𝕥𝕠𝕞𝕖𝕣 :

                When customer arrives and almost at once the customer shouts in anger, “What have you done?” Datta fears the worst. He thinks that his deception has been noticed. He had practiced several times how he would feign ignorance or deny it if he was accused of using a different photo. Before Datta can open his mouth, the customer continues shouting that while he had asked for an oval frame; Datta had used a square one! Datta realizes then that the customer had not noticed that the photo itself was different.

             He had merely objected to the frame. He is relieved, as he knows that at the most, he might have to change the frame. This is how partial of Datta is dignified here with concluding the things in his own way. It is so realistically humorous with satire the process of observing, thinking, and the sentimental blindness. 

✰ 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 :-

 

         1. Hᴜᴍᴏʀᴏᴜs

         2. Sᴀʀᴄᴀsᴍ

         3. Hᴜᴍᴀɴ sᴇɴsᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜɪɴᴋɪɴɢ 

         4. Rᴇsᴘᴏɴsɪʙɪʟɪᴛʏ

         5. Dᴇᴄᴇᴘᴛɪᴏɴ

         6. Iɴᴅᴇᴘᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄᴇ

         7. Hᴜᴍᴀɴ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢʏ

         8. Wᴏʀᴋᴀʜᴏʟɪᴄ

         9. Fᴀᴋᴇ Aᴘᴘᴇᴀʀᴀɴᴄᴇ

         10. Uɴᴅᴇʀsᴛᴀɴᴅɪɴɢ

         11. Sᴇʟғɪsʜ

         12. Cᴀᴘɪᴛᴀʟ

         13. Fᴇᴀʀ

✰ 𝑨𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔 :- 

                  The present story starts with Datta. Who is the owner of a small shop called The Modern Frame Works. He used to put pictures into frames. Datta usually do not start the works because it often happened that when customers give the order to make frame for photo then Datta make it with full enthusiasm and in given time. But customers don't show months or sometimes never. So Datta use to make frames while customer comes twice for it and make sure.

              One day a customer comes to Datta's shop with a faded picture of an elderly person. The customer's name is not given the story. The man in the picture has whiskers and a huge turban. It is a standard portrait taken in a by-gone era. The customer speaks with reverence about the great qualities of the man. He demands that the best frame be used and, after considerable discussion, settles on an imported German frame with an oval cut mount.

               But before Datta can open his mouth, the customer continues shouting that while he had asked for an oval frame, "Now don't deny it! I clearly remember asking for a cut mount with an oval shape. This is square, Look!' Datta had used a square one! Datta realizes then that the customer had not noticed that the photo itself was different. He had merely objected to the frame. He is relieved, as he knows that at the most, he might have to change the frame.

              The customer arrives and asks if the work has been completed. Datta slowly removes the cover and hands over the photo. The customer eagerly looks at it. Datta waits with bated breath. Almost at once the customer shouts in anger, "What have you done?" Datta fears the worst. He thinks that his deception has been noticed. He had practiced several times how he would feign ignorance or deny it if he was accused of using a different photo.

✰ 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 :-

                Human being has a predicament in every known things and that is how human senses are working. Writer is coming with humorous aspects. How it is to be dignify with the sarcasm and humorous sentiments of person is presently observed in the story. The story is ironical that the customer has found a minor fault instead of a major fault. He did not find the fake photograph and Datta gets a narrow escape. Thus, the story ends in a twist full of humour.

✰ 𝑪𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 :-

  ☞︎︎︎ https://fybaenglish.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-gold-frame-r-k-laxman.html?m=1

  ☞︎︎︎ https://englishsummary.com/lesson/the-gold-frame-lesson-summary-notes-and-explanation-in-english-class-12th/

 ☞︎︎︎ http://desaikaushal1315.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-gold-frame-by-rk-laxman-prepared-by.html?m=1

  

                                                 𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒀𝒐𝒖 

                                 riddhikevadiya21@gmail.com

ℤ𝔼𝕊𝕋 𝐀𝐫𝐭 & 𝐂𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐅𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐱𝐡𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ✨🖌️

                            🇿 🇪 🇸 🇹 

          𝘼𝘼𝙍𝙏 & 𝘾𝙍𝘼𝙁𝙏 𝙁𝙀𝙎𝙏 𝙀𝙓𝙃𝙄𝘽𝙄𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉

                                         𝓓𝓪𝓽𝓮 :- 21𝓽𝓱 𝓙𝓾𝓵𝔂 2023

                                         𝓓𝓪𝔂 :- 𝓣𝓱𝓾𝓻𝓼𝓭𝓪𝔂

𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 :- 

        𝑴. 𝑹.𝑹. 𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨 𝑨𝑹𝑻𝑺 𝑪𝑶𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑮𝑬 , 𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑰 

                                                  𝑩𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑵𝑨𝑮𝑨𝑹

                          Iɴᴠɪᴛᴇ Cᴀʀᴅ 

             This program of zest/art & craft fest exhibition is held for the first time in our college. Thank you very much Vipul sir. None of this would have been possible without you. Students also got a lot of knowledge. The trustees came to see what had been done according to our and our sir's hard work and were very pleased with how it all worked.

               We liked the activity behind our sir and our hard work within these two days.

                On the 20th, an art making program was held.  Everyone did many different activities that day.  Then after our college completion we all students of English F.Y., S.Y., and T.Y. worked hard to make Chandrayaan and make I love english which from noon to 10:15 pm college sir and our brothers have succeeded.  Thank you sir and brothers.

                   A food booth program was held on the next day on 21st July 2023.  Like, Indian food, soft drinks, hot drinks, snacks desserts were made.  But one thing I have learned from this food booth program is that you can do all the cooking for one, two or three people, but when you cook for a lot of people at once, you fear whether it will be good or not.

                  Our team Parthiv, Mahesh, Ayusha and Riddhi were four of us in a food booth team. In which panipuri of heaven was made.  In which we were like who will eat Panipuri ? But no we ran out of all the panipuri ingredients. While the taste of Panipuri turned out to be very delicious according to everyone.

                  This has benefited us a lot.  In which our cost was 355 rupees.  We made a profit of 690 from this Paradise Panipuri lorry.  Out of which 330 rupees increased excluding our expenses.  With that money we would all buy a plate of different food and all four of us would do the test.  We had a lot of fun.  Because it was fun, I Parthiv, Mahesh and Aayusha didn't want to stay and we made some plans and participated in this event.

                   Then we sat in a room.  There was a lot of talk with Sir and we felt that Sir was very angry at first that other people were not working hard, but not allowing those who were working to do it.  But what he thought was successful, so he was very happy.  And we were happy as well.  After that today we drank Chiku Dahi Lachhi with Sahib and Patta Wala Masi was also with us.  Don't know when such days will come again?  Or never come???

                   I am very lucky to have a sir like Vipul sir and ma'am like Vaidehi ma'am. These two sir and ma'am have made us very strong.

               I for organizing this program. Many thanks to Dr. Ashish Chauhan sir and Mr.Vipul Dabhi sir.

    

         𝕋ℍ𝔸ℕ𝕂 𝕐𝕆𝕌 𝕊𝕆 𝕄𝕌ℂℍ 𝕊𝕀ℝ ʕ•ᴥ•ʔ

             

𝐇𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲

                 𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐘 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 ʕ•ᴥ•ʔ

                                         𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑒 : 11𝑡ℎ 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦 2023

                                        𝐷𝑎𝑦 : 𝑻𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒅𝒂𝒚

              Date 11th July Us, English subject F.Y., S.Y., and T.Y.  were taken to play together.  T.Y.  We are taken to the hill for the first time since our arrival, and have had so much fun, played together and studied together.  We were lucky, we got to play.  After that we had only option to study there.

               People who don't know cricket all learn and will learn in a couple of times. Playing together is something different.  Everyone is now interested in playing cricket that we should also play and learn.

        Now the fun of playing on the hill in this monsoon environment is something different.

          Thank you so much Vipul Dabhi sir

           Reminded us again of our old games that make us happy.  We go there to play and study there.  Knowledge with passion. 

                         Vey very Thank you sir

72 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁 𝑀𝑂𝑉𝐼𝐸

                                                                                                                𝐷𝐴𝑇𝐸:- 7𝑡ℎ 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦 2023 

                                                                                                              𝐷𝐴𝑌 :- 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦 

                                                          72 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁 𝑀𝑂𝑉𝐼𝐸 💫

               The film effectively delivers a powerful impact through its exploration of the manipulation of ordinary individuals in the context of terrorism.

Abhishek Srivastava, Jul 7, 2023, 11.03 AM IST

Critic's Rating: 

3.5

                                Story: Hakim and Bilal, two fidayeen terrorists involved in a devastating bomb blast incident, tragically lose their lives. Their quest begins as they strive to attain a heavenly destination where they anticipate meeting 72 virgins or 72 Hoorain, as pledged by the Maulavi.

Review:

         By emphasising the futility of mindless killing and shedding light on the notion that religion can often serve as a tool of manipulation, the film effectively communicates the message that religious extremism yields no positive outcomes. Walking a precarious line, the film successfully sidesteps potential pitfalls that could have undermined the efforts of the filmmaker and the entire team. Director Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan skillfully navigates the subject matter, crafting an innovative and captivating narrative as a satire, employing the journey of two deceased individuals.

         The story unfolds with Bilal (Aamir Bashir) positioned atop the Statue of Progress at the CSTM building, engaged in a conversation with his mentor and confidante Hakim (Pavan Raj Malhotra). Interestingly, both Bilal and Hakim are departed souls, victims of a blast at the Gateway of India just a day prior. Former fidayeen terrorists associated with the Lashkar-e-Mujahedeen and sent from Pakistan to sow terror in India, they now yearn for a proper burial that would grant them access to heaven and the promised companionship of 72 virgins.

             In addition to its unconventional plot, the film shines brightly, thanks to the exceptional performances of its lead actors. Pavan Malhotra delivers a fantastic portrayal of Hakim, showcasing remarkable mannerisms and tonality that infuse the film with a distinct flavour. Aamir Bashir, although not quite on the same level, matches Pavan's energy with dedicated effort in his role as Bilal. Sanjay's directorial prowess is evident in scenes such as the truck accident involving the protagonists' lifeless bodies or the dramatic moment when a woman attempts suicide before an approaching train. With a sense of complete control over the subject matter, he orchestrates these sequences with finesse.

               "72 Hoorain" skillfully draws inspiration from the events occurring in our surroundings and the world at large, constructing a narrative that captivates the audience. The black and white aesthetics of the film enhance the portrayal of the protagonist's lost souls, while the use of red colour in balloons, umbrellas, and clothing, makes you wonder whether inspiration is drawn from Steven Spielberg's iconic film, "Schindler's List." This film effectively delivers a powerful impact through its exploration of the manipulation of ordinary individuals in the context of terrorism.

                                                                     THANK YOU 

𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑵𝑶𝑴𝒀 : Oᴜʀ Pɪᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ Oғ Tʜᴇ Uɴɪᴠᴇʀsᴇ

                                  𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑵𝑶𝑴𝒀 : Oᴜʀ Pɪᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ Oғ Tʜᴇ Uɴɪᴠᴇʀsᴇ 

Question -Define various theories related to the universe??

✯ 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆  :- 

                         Astronomy is written in clear non-technical language, with the occasional touch of humor and a wide range of clarifying illustrations. It has many analogies drawn from everyday life to help non-science majors appreciate, on their own terms, what our modern exploration of the universe is revealing. The book can be used for either a one-semester or two-semester introductory course (bear in mind, you can customize your version and include only those chapters or sections you will be teaching.) It is made available free of charge in electronic form (and low cost in printed form) to students around the world. If you have ever thrown up your hands in despair over the spiraling cost of astronomy textbooks, you owe your students a good look at this one.

☞︎︎︎  There are various theories about universe given by  different different philosopher, scientist etc.

☆ Aristotle's theory 

☆ Ptolemy's theory

☆ Copernican theory 

☆ Johannes Kepler , Galileo Galilei - 1609  theory 

☆ Newton's theory 

☆ Hubble's theory

★ 𝗔𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘁𝗹𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆  :- 

Nature of Aristotelianism

   

                 The extent to which Aristotelian thought has become a component of civilization can hardly be overestimated. To begin, there are certain words that have become indispensable for the articulate communication of thoughts, experiences, and problems. Some words still carry their Greek form, whereas others have become established in their more important meanings as Latin equivalents of Aristotle’s own words. The centuries-long impact of Aristotelian schooling lies at the root of the establishment of the following vocabulary: “subject” and “predicate” in grammar and logic; “form” (information, transform) and “matter” as expressing the two correlative aspects of something that has acquired or acquires something else that is possibly essential to it; “energy” as the active power inherent in a thing; “potential” for what is latent but can be released; “substance” and “essence,” “quantity” and “quality,” “accidental,” “relation,” “cause” (and the many meanings of “because” corresponding to the four causes), “genus” and “species” (general, special), “individual,” “indivisible” (atomic)—these constitute only a small sample of terms that still carry the mark of Aristotle’s philosophy.

                Beyond language, features that cumulatively or severally characterize Aristotelianism include, in philosophical methodology, a critical approach to previous, contemporary, or hypothetical doctrines; the raising and discussing of doctrinal difficulties; the use of deductive reasoning proceeding from self-evident principles or discovered general truths; and syllogistic forms of demonstrative or persuasive arguments.

              In epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, Aristotelianism includes a concentration on knowledge either accessible by natural means or accountable for by reason; an inductive, analytical empiricism, or stress on experience, in the study of nature-including the study of humans, their behaviour and organizations leading from the perception of contingent individual occurrences to the discovery of permanent, universal patterns; and the primacy of the universal, that which is expressed by common or general terms.

              In metaphysics, or the theory of the ultimate nature of reality, Aristotelianism involves belief in the primacy of the individual in the realm of existence; in the applicability to reality of a certain set of explanatory concepts (e.g., 10 categories; genus-species-individual, matter-form, potentiality-actuality, essential-accidental; the four material elements and their basic qualities; and the four causes—formal, material, efficient, and final); in the soul as the inseparable form of each living body in the vegetable and animal kingdoms; in activity as the essence of things; and in the primacy of speculative over practical activity.

★ 𝙋𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙢𝙮'𝙨 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙮 :-

          The Earth was the center of the Universe according to Claudius Ptolemy, whose view of the cosmos persisted for 1400 years until it was overturned - with controversy - by findings from Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton.

               An Astronomer in Ancient Times Claudius Ptolemy (about 85–165 CE) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, a city established by Alexander the Great some 400 years before Ptolemy’s birth. Under its Greek rulers, Alexandria cultivated a famous library that attracted many scholars from Greece, and its school for astronomers received generous patronage. After the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BCE (when Octavian defeated Cleopatra), Alexandria became the second-largest city in the Roman Empire and a major source of Rome’s grain, but less funding was provided for scientific study of the stars. Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.

 

            Ptolemy was also a mathematician, geographer, and astrologer. Befitting his diverse intellectual pursuits, he had a motley cultural makeup: he lived in Egypt, wrote in Greek, and bore a Roman first name, Claudius, indicating he was a Roman citizen - probably a gift from the Roman emperor to one of Ptolemy’s ancestors.

             A Geocentric View Ptolemy synthesized Greek knowledge of the known Universe. His work enabled astronomers to make accurate predictions of planetary positions and solar and lunar eclipses, promoting acceptance of his view of the cosmos in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds and throughout Europe for more than 1400 years.

        Ptolemy accepted Aristotle’s idea that the Sun and the planets revolve around a spherical Earth, a geocentric view. Ptolemy developed this idea through observation and in mathematical detail. In doing so, he rejected the hypothesis of Aristarchus of Samos, who came to Alexandria about 350 years before Ptolemy was born. Aristarchus had made the claim that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but he couldn’t produce any evidence to back it up.

★𝘾𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙮 :-

                 Copernican heliocentrism is the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. This model positioned the Sun at the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model displaced the geocentric model of Ptolemy that had prevailed for centuries, which had placed Earth at the center of the Universe.

                  Although he had circulated an outline of his own heliocentric theory to colleagues sometime before 1514, he did not decide to publish it until he was urged to do so later by his pupil Rheticus. Copernicus's challenge was to present a practical alternative to the Ptolemaic model by more elegantly and accurately determining the length of a solar year while preserving the metaphysical implications of a mathematically ordered cosmos. Thus, his heliocentric model retained several of the Ptolemaic elements, causing inaccuracies, such as the planets' circular orbits, epicycles, and uniform speeds, while at the same time using ideas such as:

        -The Earth is one of several planets revolving around a stationary sun in a determined order.

        -The Earth has three motions: daily rotation, annual revolution, and annual tilting of its axis.

Retrograde motion of the planets is explained by the Earth's motion.

        -The distance from the Earth to the Sun is small compared to the distance from the Sun to the stars.

★ 𝙅𝙤𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙨 𝙆𝙚𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙧, 𝙂𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙤 𝙂𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙞 - 1609 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙮 :-

               Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion In 1605 he announced The First Law: Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. 

            The figure below illustrates two orbits with the same semi-major axis, focus and orbital period: one a circle with an eccentricity of 0.0; the other an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.8. Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion They describe how :-

 

            (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus,

           (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, 

             (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

★ 𝙉𝙚𝙬𝙩𝙤𝙣'𝙨 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙮 :- 

                 Newton's theory of gravity predicts that the gravitational force on any object is proportional to its mass, while his second law of motion predicts that the resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the object's mass.

                  Newton's Law of Inertia: Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.

★ 𝙃𝙪𝙗𝙗𝙡𝙚'𝙨 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙮 :-

                   Hubble's Law basically states that the greater the distance of a galaxy from ours, the faster it recedes. It was proof that the Universe is expanding. It was also the first observational support for a new theory on the origin of the Universe proposed by Georges Lemaitre: the Big Bang.

                 Hubble's law, which says simply that a galaxy's velocity (or as is sometimes plotted, its redshift) is directly proportional to its distance, also tells us something important about the state of the universe. If the universe is static and unchanging, there should be no correlation between distance and velocity.

☞︎︎︎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 :-

            All theme there theories are partial theories . Thus a unified theory regarding the universe is necessary. As the universe appeared to be following certain laws. Even the beginning must michael some laws. Those laws should be found to have a unified theory about the universe. Scientist have only two partial theories to explain the universe. One is the general theory of relativity and the other is the quontum theory. The first to is on a large scale and the second is a miniscale . Thus to explain the universe a unified theory is essential. It satisfies man's undying curiosity to know the unknown. So that be can solve the mystery of the universe.

                                                        THANK YOU